1:1 According to the promise of the life which is in Christ Jesus (\kat' epaggelian z“ˆs tˆs en Christ“i Iˆsou\). "With a view to the fulfilment of the promise." See Tit 1:1 for this same use of \kata\. For \kat' epaggelian\ see Ga 3:29. See 1Ti 4:8 for the phrase "promise of life." Here or there "life that in Christ Jesus" includes the present as well as the future.

1:2 Beloved (\agapˆtoi\). Instead of \gnˆsi“i\ (genuine) in 1Ti 1:2. He had already called Timothy \agapˆton\ (verbal adjective of \agapa“\) in 1Co 4:17, an incidental and strong proof that it is Paul who is writing here. This argument applies to each of the Pastorals for Paul is known by other sources (Acts and previous Pauline Epistles) to sustain precisely the affectionate relation toward Timothy and Titus shown in the Pastorals.

1:3 I thank (\charin ech“\). "I have gratitude." As in 1Ti 1:12. Robinson cites examples of this phrase from the papyri. It occurs also in Lu 17:9; Ac 2:47. \Charis\ in doxologies Paul uses (1Co 15:57; 2:14; 8:16; 9:15; Ro 6:17; 7:25). His usual idiom is \eucharist“\ (1Co 1:4; Ro 1:8; Phm 1:4; Php 1:3) or \eucharistoumen\ (1Th 1:2; Col 1:3) or \ou pauomai eucharist“n\ (Eph 1:16) or \eucharistein opheilomen\ (2Th 1:3). Whom I serve from my forefathers (\h“i latreu“ apo progon“n\). The relative \h“i\ is the dative case with \latreu“\ (see Ro 1:9 for this verb), progressive present (I have been serving). For \progon“n\ (forefathers) see 1Ti 5:4. Paul claims a pious ancestry as in Ac 24:14; Ac 26:5; Ga 2:14; Php 3:4-7. In a pure conscience (\en katharƒi suneidˆsei\). See 1Ti 1:5; Ac 23:1. Unceasing (\adialeipton\). Late and rare compound, in N.T. only here and Ro 9:2 which see. The adverb \adialeipt“s\ is more frequent (in the papyri, literary _Koin‚_, 1Th 1:2; Ro 1:9). The adjective here is the predicate accusative, "how I hold the memory concerning thee unceasing." The use of \adialeipt“s\ (adverb) is a sort of epistolary formula (papyri, 1Th 1:2; 2:13; 5:17; Ro 1:9). Remembrance (\mneian\). Old word, in N.T. only Pauline (seven times, 1Th 1:2; Ro 1:9; Php 1:3).

1:4 Night and day (\nuktos kai hˆmeras\). Genitive of time, "by night and by day." As in 1Th 2:9; 3:10. Longing (\epipoth“n\). Present active participle of \epipothe“\, old word, eight times in Paul (1Th 3:6; Php 1:8, etc.). Remembering thy tears (\memnˆmenos sou t“n dakru“n\). Perfect middle participle of \mimnˆsk“\, old and common verb with the genitive, only here in the Pastorals and elsewhere by Paul only in 1Co 11:2. Probably an allusion to the scene at Miletus (Ac 20:37). Cf. Ac 20:19. That I may be filled with joy (\hina charas plˆr“th“\). Final clause with \hina\ and first aorist passive subjunctive of \plˆro“\ (with genitive case \charas\), a verb common with Paul (Ro 8:4; 13:8).

1:5 Having been reminded (\hupomnˆsin lab“n\). "Having received (second aorist active participle of \lamban“\) a reminder" (old word from \hupomimnˆsk“\, to remind, in N.T. only here and 1Pe 1:13). For the idiom see Ro 7:8,11. A reminder by another while \anamnˆsis\ remembrance (1Co 11:24f.) is rather a recalling by oneself (Vincent). Of the unfeigned faith (\tˆs anupokritou piste“s\). Late compound for which see 2Co 6:6; Ro 12:9. Dwelt (\en“ikˆsen\). First aorist active indicative of \enoike“\, old verb, in N.T. only in Paul (Ro 8:11; Col 3:16). First (\pr“ton\). Adverb, not adjective (\pr“tˆ\). In thy grandmother Lois (\en tˆi mammˆi L“idi\). Old word, originally the infantile word for \mˆtˆr\ (mother), then extended by writers to grandmother as here. Common for grandmother in the papyri. Lois is the mother of Eunice, Timothy's mother, since Timothy's father was a Greek (Ac 16:1). Probably both grandmother and mother became Christians. I am persuaded (\pepeismai\). Perfect passive indicative of \peith“\, "I stand persuaded." In the Pastorals only here and verse 12, common in Paul's other writings (Ro 8:38, etc.).

1:6 For the which cause (\di' hˆn aitian\). "For which cause," stronger than \dio\. So in verse 12; Tit 1:13. Only example of \aitia\ by Paul save in Ac 28:20. I put thee in remembrance (\anamimnˆsk“\). Old compound to remind (1Co 4:17; 2Co 7:15). That thou stir up (\se anaz“purein\). Present active infinitive of \anaz“pure“\, old double compound (\ana\ and \z“puron\, live coal, \z“os\ and \pur\, then the bellows for kindling), to rekindle, to stir into flame, to keep blazing (continuous action, present time), only here in N.T. See 1Th 5:19 for the figure of fire concerning the Holy Spirit. See \anapt“\ in Lu 12:49. The gift of God (\to charisma tou theou\). See 1Ti 4:14. Here Paul says \mou\ (my), there he mentions the presbytery. Paul felt a deep personal interest in Timothy. See 1Co 7:7; Ro 6:23; 11:29 for the gift of God.

1:7 A spirit of fearfulness (\pneuma deilias\). Here \pneuma\ is the \charisma\ of verse 6, the human spirit as endowed by the Holy Spirit (Ro 8:15). \Deilia\ is an old word (\deilos, deid“\) and always in a bad sense of cowardice, only here in N.T. Of power (\duname“s\). One of Paul's characteristic words (Ro

1:16). Of love (\agapˆs\). One of the gifts of the Spirit (Ga 5:22). "Which drives out fear" (Lock) as in 1Jo 4:18. Of discipline (\s“phronismou\). Late _Koin‚_ word (from \s“phroniz“\, to control), self-control, here only in N.T. See 1Ti 2:9 for \s“phrosunˆ\.

1:8 Be not ashamed of (\mˆ epaischunthˆis\). First aorist (ingressive) passive subjunctive (in prohibition) of \epaischunomai\, old word, to be ashamed. Again in verse 16 without augment (\epaischunthˆn\), transitive use of the passive voice as often in the _Koin‚_ (Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 818). See Ro 1:16; 6:21. "Do not become ashamed" (as he had not). The testimony of our Lord (\to marturion tou kuriou\). For the old word \marturion\ see 1Co 1:6; 2:1. Paul probably has in mind the saying of Jesus preserved in Mr 8:38 (Lu 9:26). See also 2:12. His prisoner (\ton desmion autou\). As in Php 1:12; Phm 1:1,9; Eph 3:1; 4:1 (the first Roman captivity). Paul is in his last captivity and refers to it again in verse 16; 2:9. Suffer hardship with (\sunkakopathˆson\). First aorist active imperative of the double compound \sunkakopathe“\, first known use and in N.T. only here and 2:3 (in eccles. writers). But \kakopathe“\, to suffer evil, is old verb (2:9; 4:5). Paul is fond of compounds of \sun\. Paul challenges Timothy by this verb which he apparently coins for the purpose to a joint (\sun\) suffering with the Lord Jesus and Paul "for the gospel" (\t“i euaggeli“i\, dative case rather than associative instrumental "with"). According to the power of God (\kata dunamin theou\). Given by God (2Co 6:7).

1:9 Called us with a holy calling (\kalesantos klˆsei hagiƒi\). Probably dative, "to a holy calling." \Klˆsis\ here apparently not the invitation, but the consecrated service, "the upward calling" (Php 3:14). See 1Co 7:20; Eph 4:1,4 for the use of \kale“\ with \klˆsis\. Paul often uses \kale“\ of God's calling men (1Th 2:12; 1Co 1:9; Ga 1:6; Ro 8:20; 9:11). Purpose (\prothesin\). See Ro 9:11; Eph 1:11 for \prothesin\. Which was given (\tˆn dotheisan\). First aorist passive articular participle agreeing with \charis\ (grace), a thoroughly Pauline expression (1Co 3:10; Ro 12:3,6, etc.), only here in Pastoral Epistles. Before times eternal (\pro chron“n ai“ni“n\). See Tit 1:2.

1:10 But hath now been manifested (\phaner“theisan de nun\). First aorist passive participle of \phanero“\ agreeing with \charin\. See Tit 1:3; Col 1:26; 3:4 for \phanero“\ and the contrast made. By the appearing (\dia tˆs epiphaneias\). Only here of the Incarnation (except the verb, Tit 2:11; 3:4), but for the second coming see Tit 2:13. Who abolished death (\katargˆsantos men ton thanaton\). First aorist active participle of \katarge“\, the very phrase in 1Co 15:26; Heb 2:14. Brought to light (\ph“tisantos de\). First aorist active participle of \ph“tiz“\, literary _Koin‚_ word for which see 1Co 4:5; Eph 1:18, to turn the light on. Life and incorruption (\z“ˆn kai aphtharsian\). The opposite of \thanatos\, "life and immortality" (unchangeable life).

1:11 For which (\eis ho\). For the gospel. See 1Ti 2:7 for this verse.

1:12 These things (\tauta\). His imprisonment in Rome. Yet I am not ashamed (\all' ouk epaischunomai\). Plain reference to the exhortation to Timothy in verse 8. Him whom I have believed (\h“i pepisteuka\). Dative case of the relative (\h“i\) with the perfect active of \pisteu“\, the antecedent to the relative not expressed. It is not an indirect question. Paul knows Jesus Christ whom he has trusted. I am persuaded (\pepeismai\). See verse 5. To guard (\phulaxai\). First aorist active infinitive of \phulass“\, the very word used in 1Ti 6:20 with \parathˆkˆn\ as here, to guard against robbery or any loss. That which I have committed unto him (\tˆn parathˆkˆn mou\). Literally, "my deposit," as in a bank, the bank of heaven which no burglar can break (Mt 6:19f.). See this word also in verse 14. Some MSS. have the more common \parakatathˆkˆ\ (a sort of double deposit, \para\, beside, down, \kata\). Against that day (\eis ekeinˆn tˆn hˆmeran\). The day of Christ's second coming. See also 1:18; 4:8; 2Th 1:10, and often in the Gospels. Elsewhere, the day of the Lord (1Th 5:2; 2Th 2:2; 1Co 1:8; 2Co 1:14), the day of Christ or Jesus Christ (Php 1:6,10; 2:16), the day (1Th 5:4; 1Co 3:13; Ro 13:12), the day of redemption (Eph 4:20), the day of judgment (Ro 2:5,16).

1:13 The pattern of sound words (\hupotup“sin hugiainont“n log“n\). See 1Ti 1:16 for \hupotup“sin\ and 1Ti 1:10 for \hugiain“\. Which (\h“n\). Genitive plural with \ˆkousas\ (didst hear) or attracted to case of \log“n\ (\akou“\ is used either with the accusative or the genitive).

1:14 That good thing which was committed unto thee (\tˆn kalˆn parathˆkˆn\). Simply, "the good deposit." Guard (\phulaxon\). As in 1Ti 6:20. God has also made an investment in Timothy (cf. verse 12). Timothy must not let that fail. Which dwelleth in us (\tou enoikountos en hˆmin\). It is only through the Holy Spirit that Timothy or any of us can guard God's deposit with us.

1:15 Are turned away from me (\apestraphˆsan me\). Second aorist passive (still transitive here with \me\) of \apostreph“\, for which verb see Tit 1:14. For the accusative with these passive deponents see Robertson, _Grammar_, p. 484. It is not known to what incident Paul refers, whether the refusal of the Christians in the Roman province of Asia to help Paul on his arrest (or in response to an appeal from Rome) or whether the Asian Christians in Rome deserted Paul in the first stage of the trial (4:16). Two of these Asian deserters are mentioned by name, perhaps for reasons known to Timothy. Nothing else is known of Phygelus and Hermogenes except this shameful item.

1:16 Grant mercy (\d“iˆ eleos\). The phrase nowhere else in the N.T. Second aorist active optative of \did“mi\, the usual form being \doiˆ\. This is the usual construction in a wish about the future. Unto the house of Onesiphorus (\t“i Onˆsiphorou oik“i\). The same phrase in 4:19. Apparently Onesiphorus is now dead as is implied by the wish in 1:18. For he oft refreshed me (\hoti pollakis me anepsuxen\). First aorist active indicative of \anapsuch“\, old verb, to cool again, in LXX and _Koin‚_ often, here only in N.T., but \anapsuxis\ in Ac 3:20. In the first imprisonment or the second. If he lost his life for coming to see Paul, it was probably recently during this imprisonment. Was not ashamed of my chain (\halusin mou ouk epaischunthˆ\). Passive deponent again (first aorist indicative) with accusative as in 1:8. For \halusin\ (chain) see Eph 6:20. Note absence of augment in \epaischunthˆ\.

1:17 When he was in Rome (\genomenos en Romˆi\). Second aorist middle participle of \ginomai\ (coming to Rome, happening in Rome). He sought me diligently and found me (\spoudai“s ezˆtˆsen me kai heuren\). Effective aorists both of them (first of \zˆte“\, second of \heurisk“\). He did it at the risk of his own life apparently.

1:18 Grant to him to and mercy (\d“iˆ aut“i heurein eleos\). Second aorist active optative in wish for the future again as in verse 16. Find mercy from the Lord (Jesus) as he found me. Thou knowest very well (\beltion su gin“skeis\). Literally, "thou knowest better (than I)," for he did those things in Ephesus where thou art. Only N.T. example of \beltion\, in D text of Ac 10:28.